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A Portuguese name is typically composed of one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, but often two or three, seldom more). The first surname(s) are usually the mother's family surname(s) and the final surname(s) are the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the last surname (excluding prepositions) is used in formal greetings or in scientific papers indexing. But, in a list of persons, the first given name, not the surname, is used for alphabetical sorting. A married woman may add her husband's last surname(s) to the end of her own name, but this is not mandatory and increasingly less common. The same may happen with men, though this is extremely rare. == General == The Portuguese naming system is quite flexible. The law establishes the need for a child to have at least one given name and one last name (surname) from one of the parents, although having only one last name is now very rare. The law also establishes the maximum number of names allowed: up to two given names and four surnames (just in Portugal).〔«O nome completo deve compor-se, no máximo, de seis vocábulos gramaticais, simples ou compostos, dos quais só dois podem corresponder ao nome próprio e quatro a apelidos.» ("Composição do nome" ), Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça. Retrieved on 29 June 2010 (in Portuguese)〕 This restriction is generally not enforced and it is not uncommon to have more than 4 surnames. In ancient times it was common practice for daughters to be given the mother's family name and sons to be given their father's. For example, Vasco da Gama married Catarina de Ataíde. They had six sons who bore the surname ''da Gama,'' and one daughter who had the surname ''de Ataíde''. Even these days, among the older population, it is not unusual to find siblings with completely different combinations of surnames. To add to this basic pattern, a second given name, or other paternal or maternal surnames are optional, up to the aforementioned limit of two given names and four surnames. Both limits are sometimes not respected, especially among the former aristocracy. Usually, the maternal surnames precede the paternal ones, but the opposite is also possible.〔(Composição do nome" ), section "Apelidos" b). Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça. Retrieved on 29 June 2010 (in Portuguese)〕 If the father is unknown, or he has not acknowledged the child, only the mother's family name(s) is/are used. A child can receive surnames from his/her parents' ancestors, even if those surnames are not part of the parents' names, under the condition that the parents prove those names were used by their ancestors.〔("Composição do nome" ), section "Apelidos" a). Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça. Retrieved on 29 June 2010 (in Portuguese)〕 Most Portuguese-speaking people use only their last surname (usually the paternal one) in their daily and professional life. The regular usage of a middle surname or of a combination of two surnames is also widespread. Complete names are formed generally as in Western Europe, i.e., by first names, followed optionally by one or more middle names, followed by the mother's family surname, followed by the father's family surname. Examples: # ''José Silva'': The simplest configuration, with a given name and one family surname, either from the father or the mother. This simple configuration is rather rare, nowadays. # ''José Eduardo Silva'': José Eduardo are the given names and Silva the one family name. (However, note that Eduardo may be a valid family name: there is no way of knowing just by looking at the name.) Again, this is not common today, but this could happen in the case that both the child's parents have the same (final) family name (although not necessarily, since the same final family name can be repeated, as in ''José Eduardo Silva e Silva''). # ''José Eduardo Tavares Silva'': In this case a second family name has been added. In theory the first surname (Tavares) would come from the mother and the second one (Silva) from the father, but it could be reversed. Another possibility would be that "Tavares Silva" is a composite family name, because this is relatively common in Portuguese surnames, i.e., both names are carried down to all descendants. Hyphenated names are rare in Portuguese, i.e., "Tavares-Silva," a convention which would dispel the confusion. Sometimes this convention is artificially forced by authors, politicians, etc., who want to be correctly cited in other countries. For comparison, this convention in more common in Spanish. # ''José Eduardo Santos Tavares Melo Silva'': The most complete combination of names possible. In this case, the person could have two surnames coming from each parent, or one coming from one parent and three from the other. The latter case is not so common, but it is impossible to distinguish just by looking at the name. # If the complete name repeats the name of a relative, e.g., father, grandfather or uncle, it may be suffixed by: Júnior (abbreviated Jr.), Filho (meaning son), Neto (grandson) or Sobrinho (nephew). This is always written with initial upper case and without a separating comma. This practice is rare in Portugal but common in Brazil. Although rare, one can find people with the suffixes Sobrinho Neto (great-nephew) and Bisneto (great-grandson). This convention is much less common for female names. Roman numerals, such as II, III, etc. for son, grandson, and great-grandson are not used, since the practice is not allowed by the law in Brazil and Portugal. It is quite common for a person to go by one of the surnames that is not the last one in order, especially if the latter is very common. For example, Aníbal Cavaco Silva is commonly called "Cavaco" and Ayrton Senna da Silva chose to be known just as Ayrton Senna because Silva is a very common surname. Some Portuguese family names are made of two words, most often not hyphenated, but are not composite names, as they were not the result of combining two family names in past generations; instead, the words constitute a single logical unit. These include toponyms (e.g. Castelo Branco), religious references (e.g. Espírito Santo, Santa Rita), or other expressions (e.g. Corte Real, Mil-Homens). In this case both words must be cited (e.g. writer Camilo Castelo Branco is ''never'' referred to as Camilo Branco, and in an alphabetical order list goes under 'C'), and they count as a single unit in what relates to the legal limit of four surnames.〔«Por "vocábulo gramatical composto" entende-se um vocábulo constituído por dois ou mais vocábulos simples que possui um significado autónomo, muitas vezes dissociado dos significados dos seus componentes.» ("Composição do nome" ), Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça. Retrieved on 29 June 2010 (in Portuguese)〕 Middle names (second given names and surnames that are not the final name) and suffixes can be abbreviated, but usually the first name and the surname are not abbreviated. A notable exception was writer Ruben A., whose complete name was Ruben Andresen Leitão. Example: José E. C. Lima (Jr.). This differs from rules in Spanish names, which use the mother's family name at the end. Example: Norberto García C. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Portuguese name」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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